The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 4 letter word BERI
I've seen this crossword clue in The Daily Telegraph
B
E
R
I
More clues leading to the result BERI
- Repeatedly anger bishop about a problem overseas
- Sounds like blackcurrant and sloe together perhaps can produce sickness
- Double fruit, we hear, for vitamin deficiency problem
- One held by North African on island contracted disease
- Ale one smuggles to guy with sickness
- Complaint — fruit’s repeating, we hear
- Exist with ridicule and anger about disease
- A disease so debilitating they named it twice?
- Disease in part of Greater Manchester repeatedly, we hear
- Disease of fruit twice reported
Buddy explains!

The straight part
We know that "A disease so debilitating they named it twice?" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case a disease so debilitating they named it twice? = beri.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.