The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 10 plus 3 letter word MANDELBROT SET
I've seen this crossword clue in The Guardian
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More clues leading to the result MANDELBROT SET
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "complex mathematical construction" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case complex mathematical construction = mandelbrot set.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.