The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 4 plus 5 letter word LEAD PAINT
L
E
A
D
P
A
I
N
T
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "vintage surface treatment" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case vintage surface treatment = lead paint.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.