The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 12 letter word QUADRAGESIMA
I've seen this crossword clue in The Times
Q
U
A
D
R
A
G
E
S
I
M
A
Buddy explains!

The straight part
We know that "Fast Sunday" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case fast sunday = quadragesima.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.