The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 5 plus 7 letter word TASTE (STATE)
T
A
S
T
E
(
S
T
A
T
E
)
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "Fine discernment" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case fine discernment = taste (state).The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.