The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 8 letter word FRACKING
I've seen this crossword clue in The Guardian
F
R
A
C
K
I
N
G
More clues leading to the result FRACKING
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "controversial underground operations" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case controversial underground operations = fracking.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.
What does FRACKING mean?
FRACKING noun- Hydraulic fracturing.
- (bowdlerization) Fucking.