The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 15 letter word SUPPLEMENTARILY
I've seen this crossword clue in The Guardian
S
U
P
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
A
R
I
L
Y
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "as extra medicine is taken" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case as extra medicine is taken = supplementarily.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.