The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 4 plus 6 letter word ALAN TURING
I've seen this crossword clue in The Guardian
A
L
A
N
T
U
R
I
N
G
More clues leading to the result ALAN TURING
Buddy explains!

The straight part
We know that "Mathematical genius" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case mathematical genius = alan turing.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.