The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 10 letter word THREE-FOUR
I've seen this crossword clue in Financial Times
T
H
R
E
E
-
F
O
U
R
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "time signature" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case time signature = three-four.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.