The most common and most likely answer to this crossword clue is the 8 plus 4 letter word FLOATING DEBT
I've seen this crossword clue in The Guardian
F
L
O
A
T
I
N
G
D
E
B
T
Buddy explains!
The straight part
We know that "a short-term liability" is the straight/definition part of the clue. The straight part is often a synonym or definition, in this case a short-term liability = floating debt.The cryptic/wordplay part
In cryptic crossword there's often an wordplay/cryptic part as well.This part involves a more complex hint, such as an anagram, homophone, hidden word, etc.
Sadly, We don't have an explanation for this specific crossword clue yet.